The satirical and nonsensical nature of the Dada art movement was in direct contrast to the horrors seen during World War I. The Dada movement was founded by writer Hugo Ball in Zurich, Switzerland in 1916. He started a satirical night club and magazine, which inspired artists like Marcel Duchamp, Francis Picabia, and Kurt Schwitters. The artwork and aesthetic was marked by its mockery of materialistic and nationalistic attitudes and had a powerful influence on artists in cities like Berlin, Hanover, Paris, New York, and Cologne, which generated their own groups. Members of the Dada movement were so opposed to the bourgeois culture group that they were even against themselves, often exclaiming, 'Dada is anti-Dada.'